Spring manufacturers introduce the characteristics of different types of springs

        When the spring material is divided into metal and non-metal, except in special cases, metal springs are usually used. Although low cost, one of the advantages of a metal spring is that it can accept a lot of force and can guarantee a large amount of deflection. Among metal materials, steel materials are particularly widely used due to their high strength and versatility. The steel used for the spring is "spring steel" also known by the name, and it is made to increase the elastic limit of carbon in the reinforcing material than typical steel. Spring steel is roughly divided into cold forming and hot forming. Cold forming is suitable for forming relatively small springs by processing the material into a spring shape at room temperature. Thermoforming is suitable for forming relatively large springs by processing the material into a spring shape under heating to high temperatures. As the type of spring steel, use carbon steel with carbon as the main element, or alloy steel with elements other than carbon. Stainless steel, materials with excellent corrosion resistance and heat resistance are used as other steels.

        Materials such as copper alloy, brass, phosphor bronze, west white and beryllium copper are often used as non-ferrous metal materials for springs. Utilize the strengths of copper alloy conductivity to reduce resistance and heat generation with connectors, etc. In addition to corrosion resistance and non-magnetic properties, there are disadvantages of high cost compared to steel.

        As another non-ferrous metal material, nickel alloy has excellent corrosion resistance, heat resistance and cold resistance can also be used as spring material. Inco-nickel alloys in particular are common among nickel alloys. Nickel alloy materials are used as springs for high temperature areas above 400 °C. Titanium alloys are also used in springs as a material that can be made lighter compared to steel. Compared with steel, the elastic modulus and specific gravity of titanium alloy are smaller, so it can reduce the weight of the spring. On the other hand, there is a disadvantage of high cost.

        Although it does not use elasticity, there is also a spring called a "magnetic spring" that uses the magnetic force of a magnet as a healing force. It can act as a spring with restoring force in the direction of compression when a repulsive force occurs when the same pole of a magnet is brought close to it [109]. When the opposite poles of the magnet face each other, it can act as a spring having a restoring force in the lateral direction due to the attraction force that occurs when the magnet is displaced in the lateral direction. There is an advantage of being able to avoid touching between objects and having no mass, so the fluctuations depicted below do not occur.

        In addition to the basic shapes/material types described above, springs are also classified from the following viewpoints:

        Load Form: Classified according to the type (type) of load the spring receives. There are "compression springs" that receive axial compression loads, "extension springs" that receive axial tensile loads, and "torsion springs" that receive torque around an axis.

        Stress Condition: Coverage Acceptance Occasion, Initial Classification of Flocculent Behavior Condition. Since actual stress conditions are complex combinations of various stresses, they are primarily classified according to their degree of acceptance. For example, leaf springs are primarily used for springs under bending stress, compression coil springs are primarily used for springs under torsional stress, and ring springs are primarily used for springs under tension/compression stress.

        Spring Properties: Classification is based on the relationship between load and spring deflection (spring properties). Linear characteristics, nonlinearity without hysteresis and nonlinearity with hysteresis. For example, torsion bars are used for linear characteristic springs, conical coil springs (a type of compression coil spring) are used for non-hysteretic nonlinear behavior, and leaf springs are used for nonlinear behavior with hysteresis.

        Material shape: Classified by the shape of the material as the spring material. They can be roughly classified as springs using plate-shaped materials (plates), rod-shaped materials (rods), or springs using linear materials (wires). For example, coil springs are used for springs that use sheets, and coil springs are applied to springs using rod material or wire.